Diverse studies door big`r

**big'r** · 31-10-2005, 00:28

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] (snipke @ Okt. 30 2005,12:34)]je bedoelt dat aminozuren nemen buiten degene die al in de whey shake zitten geen meerwaarde geven, of begrijp ik het verkeerd.

Nog een vraagje over bcaa; ik heb nu een weekje niet getraind en heb wel naar mijn eiwit inname gekeken maar belange niet zo hoog als ik wel ga trainen, kan het tegen spierafbraak dan helpen dat ik s morgens en/of s avonds bcaa neem, of heeft dit geen enkel nut.

GRtz

Waarschijnlijk geven losse aminozuren geen meerwaarde over whey, omdat whey ook heel snel alle aminozuren in je bloedbaan dumpt.

De studie laat zien dat 40 g essentiele aminozuren nauwelijks een sterkere proteine synthese laat zien dan een mix van essentiele aminozuren en niet-essentiele aminozuren.
Aangezien niet-essentiele aminozuren geen effect hebben op de proteine synthese, en de verhouding tussen essentiele en niet-essentiele aminozuren in de mix meestal 50-50 is, kun je afleiden dat 40 g essentiele aminozuren nauwelijk een sterkere proteine synthese geven dan 20 g.

Ik denk dat die BCAAs zeker nut kunnen hebben. Vooral bij een eiwitarme maaltijd.

Maar wanneer je gewoon op onderhoud eet (in aantal calorieen), en meer dan 1,5 g/kg eiwitten binnen krijgt, is het belang van BCAAs discutabeler (niet genoeg onderzoek om iets met zekerheid te kunnen concluderen).

Laat ik het zo zeggen: Wanneer je besluit om naast creatine nog een supplement te nemen, zou ik absoluut voor BCAAs gaan.

Zelf gebruik ik ze alleen tijdens cutten. Zit er pas 3 dagen aan, maar het spul is gooooooooooooooor!!!! En het stinkt ook nog

**big'r** · 01-11-2005, 18:12

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] (snipke @ Okt. 31 2005,17:34)]moet je dan bij elke ewitarme maaltijd bcaa nemen en zo ja hoeveel, of is 1keer s morgens voldoende

Maar als ik het dan goed begrijp moet je helemaal geen bcaa of amino nemen na de training omdat je dan al een shake drinkt met snelle suikers en eiwitten

Grtz

Heb BCAA-poeder

Grammetje of 5-7 BCAAs moet volstaan.
Keer of 2-3 per dag neem ik het. Neem tijdens cutten ook nog 2 eiwitshakes/dag.

Bij de training hoeft volgens mij niet perse nee. Neem dan maar gewoon een whey shake.

**big'r** · 09-11-2005, 04:08

Ik had verwacht dat er wel een soort balans zou zijn tussen vroegere studies die een positief effect zagen en nieuwere onderzoeken die die niet bevestigen.

Ik heb echter geen 1 positieve studie kunnen!

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Resistive training and chromium picolinate: effects on inositols and liver and kidney functions in older adults.
Thirty-two nondiabetic subjects, age 62 +/- 4 y, performed RT twice weekly for 12 wk and consumed either 924 ug Cr/d as Cr-pic (n = 17) or a placebo (n = 15). Whole-body strength increased in all subjects by 20 % (CR101).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women.
Percent body fat and fat-free mass were unchanged with RT in these weight-stable women, independent of Cr-pic supplementation. Type I and type II muscle fiber areas of the m. vastus lateralis were not changed over time and were not influenced by Cr-pic supplementation (CR102).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program.
Twelve weeks of 400 microg/day of chromium as a CP supplement did not significantly affect body composition, RMR, plasma glucose, serum insulin, plasma glucagon, serum C-peptide and serum lipid concentrations or iron and zinc indices in moderately obese women placed on an exercise program. The changes in serum total cholesterol levels and TIBC were a result of the exercise program (CR103).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]The effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletes.
Fifteen women softball athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups, the chromium treatment group (n = 8) and the placebo control group (n = 7).
The CrPic supplementation consisted of a 500 ug dosage taken once per day. All participants trained 3 times per week with 2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) using variable resistance machines and free weights. No significant (p < 0.05) differences in muscular strength or body composition were found after 6 weeks of resistance training (CR104).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of carbohydrate and chromium ingestion during intermittent high-intensity exercise to fatigue.
The data confirm an ergogenic benefit of ingesting CHO during exercise designed to imitate sports like basketball, soccer, and hockey, but do not support the hypothesis that the addition of Cr would enhance this effect (CR105).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and women.
The effect of 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) with or without chromium picolinate (Cr-pic) supplementation on glucose tolerance was assessed in moderately overweight older men and women (age, 62 +/- 4 years; body mass index [BMI], 29.1 +/- 2.5 kg/m2).
High-dose Cr-pic supplementation had no effect on any measure of glucose metabolism during RT (CR106).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older men.
18 men (age range 56-69 yr). The men were randomly assigned (double-blind) to groups (n = 9) that consumed either 17.8 micromol Cr/day (924 microg Cr/day) as CrPic or a low-Cr placebo for 12 wk while participating twice weekly in a high-intensity RT program.
High-dose CrPic supplementation did not enhance muscle size, strength, or power development or lean body mass accretion in older men during a RT program, which had significant, independent effects on these measurements (CR107).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Chromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlers.
Chromium picolinate supplementation coupled with a typical preseason training program does not enhance body composition or performance variables beyond improvements seen with training alone (CR108).

Hier werden niet-trainende vrouwen zelfs dikker:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Chromium and exercise training: effect on obese women.
We conclude that high levels of chromium picolinate supplementation are contraindicated for weight loss in young, obese women (CR109).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Chromium supplementation and resistance training: effects on body composition, strength, and trace element status of men.
The effects of 8 wk of daily chromium supplementation (3.3-3.5 mumol as chromium chloride or chromium picolinate) or placebo (0.1 mumol Cr) and weight training were examined in 36 men in a double-blind design.
Routine chromium supplementation has no beneficial effects on body- composition change or strength gain in men (CR110).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of chromium picolinate on body composition.
The study employed a double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol and lasted for 16 weeks.
400 micrograms chromium picolinate or a placebo were distributed to healthy, active-duty Navy personnel (79 men, 16 women).
chromium picolinate was ineffective in enhancing body fat reduction in this group (CR111).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition, strength, and urinary chromium loss in football players.
Chromium picolinate supplementation was ineffective in bringing about changes in body composition or strength during a program of intensive weight-lifting training (CR112).

Alleen de laatste studie laat een effect zien op het lichaamsgewicht van vrouwen, maar niet mannen. Maar wordt hier spiermassa of vet bedoelt.......?

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of chromium picolinate on beginning weight training students.
Changes in body weight (BW), a sum of three body circumferences (sigma C), a sum of three skinfolds (sigma SF), and the one-repetition maximum (1RM) for the squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) were examined in 59 college-age students (37 males [M], 22 females [F]) over a 12-week weight lifting program. Using a double-blind protocol, half of the students were given 200 micrograms/day chromium (Cr) in the form of chromium picolinate (CrPic) while the other half received a placebo (P).
The only significant treatment effect found was due to the F-CrPic group gaining more BW (p = 0.0048) than the other three groups. It was concluded that CrPic supplementation had a greater effect on the females than on the males (CR113).

**big'r** · 09-11-2005, 22:55

Ik denk dat ik voor de topics die ik behandel een sufficient aantal studies heb bekeken om er een realistisch beeld over te geven. Wederom haal ik zowel positieve als negatieve studies aan om een objectief beeld te geven.

(Ik maak mezelf echter geen illusies dat dit alle studies zijn).
Heb dit zo gemaakt dat het ook op een amerikaans board geplaatst kan worden, maar ga het echt niet allemaal in het nederlands vertalen. Vette pech

CONTENT:
-Vitamine C in exercise.
The majority of studies show a positive effect from vit C on exercise.
-Vitamin C and the immune system
The majority of studies show a positive effect from vit C (sometimes in synergy with other substances/antioxidants on the immune system)
-Vitamin C and the liver
Vitamine C only or combined with vit E may be beneficial for treating various forms of liver stress.
-Vitamin C and the heart.
The majority of studies show no- or a minor significant positive effect from vit C on CHD, but vit C may be of value for some specific heart problems.
-Other interesting studies
-Side effects
No side effects from vitamin C (except for possible gastrointestinal upset) are reported in doses up to 2 (possibly 4) g. There is no clear establishment of vit C as a possible risk factor for calcium oxalate stones. Furthermore vit C does not show pro-oxidant effects (at least in doses up to 5 g) in human in vivo studies.
Vitamin E supplementation in doses higher than those used in multivitamine pills may have a negative impact on vascular disorders.
Vitamin A should be avoided by people with liver disorders.
Vitamin supplementation by pregant women is discouraged.

VITAMIN C IN EXERCISE
A)Studies showing an adverse effect from vit C on exercise (1x).
B)Studies showing no effect from vit C on exercise (4x).
C)Studies showing a positive effect from vit C on exercise (6x).
D)Studies showing an adverse effect from vit C + other antioxidants on exercise (1x).
E)Studies showing no effect from vit C + other antioxidants on exercise (3x).
F)Studies showing a positive effect from vitamine C + other antioxidants on exercise (8x).

A)Studies showing an adverse effect from vit C on exercise:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Influence of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative and salivary IgA changes following an ultramarathon. = probably the same study as:
Influence of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative and immune changes after an ultramarathon.
500 mg vit C supplemented 3 times/day for 7 weeks prior to an ultramarathon in 15 subjects. During the race, runners received 1 l/h carbohydrate beverages (60 g/l) with vitamin C (150 mg/l) or without in a double-blinded fashion.
No significant correlations were found between post-race plasma vitamin C, oxidative, and saliva measures, except for a positive correlation between post-race serum cortisol and serum vitamin C (r=0.50, P=0.006) (Note from author: there was no difference in serum cortisol during the marathon after 32 km between the vit C and placebo group > http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/conten...l/92/5/1970/T3) (A502).

B)Studies showing no effect from vit C on exercise:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C supplementation does not alter the immune response to 2.5 hours of running.
1000 mg vit C for 8 days in experienced marathon runners had no significant effect on cortisol and catecholamines; leukocyte subsets; interleukin-6; natural killer cell activity; lymphocyte proliferation as induced by concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen; and granulocyte phagocytosis and activated oxidative burst (A509).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Prolonged vitamin C supplementation and recovery from eccentric exercise.
200 mg vit C 2x/day for 14 days before (and 3 d after) 30 min. downhill running does not decrease muscle soreness and muscle damage (creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration), and interleukin-6 concentrations (A517).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Post-exercise vitamin C supplementation and recovery from demanding exercise.
200 mg vit C following an unaccustomed bout of exercise, followed by an additional 200 mg later that day + 2x/day for the following 2 days did not improve recovery. Post-exercise serum creatine kinase activities and myoglobin concentrations were unaffected by supplementation (A519).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Muscle soreness and damage parameters after prolonged intermittent shuttle-running following acute vitamin C supplementation.
Nine habitually active males consumed 1 g vit C 2 h before a 90 min intermittent shuttle-running test, and on another occasion consumed an identical placebo.
Muscle soreness, and markers of both muscle damage (creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were elevated to an equal extent after exercise in placebo and supplemented trials (A524).

C)Studies showing a positive effect from vit C on exercise:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Prolonged vitamin C supplementation and recovery from demanding exercise.
200 mg vit C 2 x/day 14 days prior to a 90 min. unaccustomed shuttle run in 8 subjects: Post-exercise serum creatine kinase activities and myoglobin concentrations were unaffected by supplementation. However, vitamin C supplementation had modest beneficial effects on muscle soreness, muscle function, and plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde. Furthermore, although plasma interleukin-6 increased immediately after exercise in both groups, values in the VC group were lower than in the P group 2 hours after exercise (p < .05) (A504).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C supplementation attenuates the increases in circulating cortisol, adrenaline and anti-inflammatory polypeptides following ultramarathon running.
The study demonstrates an attenuation, albeit transient, of both the adrenal stress hormone and anti-inflammatory polypeptide response to prolonged exercise in runners who supplemented with 1500 mg vitamin C per day when compared to < or = 500 mg per day (for 7 days before the race)(A505).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Attenuation of increase in circulating cortisol and enhancement of the acute phase protein response in vitamin C-supplemented ultramarathoners.
500 mg vit C 2 x/day for 7 days in 10 ultramarathon athletes significantly increased C-reactive protein and decreased cortisol by 30% post race (A507).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Influence of vitamin C supplementation on cytokine changes following an ultramarathon.
500 mg vit C (10 subjects) or 1500 mg (12 subjects) for 7 days before an ultramarathon: Cortisol increased in all groups immediately after the race but significantly less in the vit C-1500 group. Runners experienced strong increases in concentrations of plasma IL-6, IL-10, IL-1RA, and IL-8. These increases were attenuated in runners ingesting 1500 mg but not 500 mg vitamin C (A508).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]An effect of ascorbic acid on delayed-onset muscle soreness.
Delayed-onset muscle soreness following strenuous use of the posterior calf muscles was studied to determine if ascorbic acid might have an effect on the appearance of this familiar pain. A double-blind, randomized, crossover study compared the soreness in subjects taking ascorbic acid against those taking a lactose placebo. Visual analog scales were used in conjunction with a variety of pain-challenging methods, and the results indicated a significant difference between experimental and placebo groups at the height of soreness. Typical soreness abatement scores of 25-44% were observed. A sample size of 19, lack of an untreated control group as well as the singular nature of the exercise and its intensity were considered limitations of the study (A529).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Exercise-induced endotoxemia: the effect of ascorbic acid supplementation.
Strenuous short-term aerobic exercise results in significant increases in plasma LPS levels (endotoxemia) together with increases in markers of oxidative stress. Supplementation with ascorbic acid (1000 mg), however, abolished the increase in LPS and nitrite but led to a significant increase in the ascorbate radical in plasma (A539).

D)Studies showing an adverse effect from vit C + other antioxidants on exercise

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Supplementation with vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine increases oxidative stress in humans after an acute muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise.
There has been no investigation to determine if the widely used over-the-counter, water-soluble antioxidants vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) could act as pro-oxidants in humans during inflammatory conditions. We induced an acute-phase inflammatory response by an eccentric arm muscle injury. The inflammation was characterized by edema, swelling, pain, and increases in plasma inflammatory indicators, myeloperoxidase and interleukin-6. Immediately following the injury, subjects consumed a placebo or vitamin C (12.5 mg/kg body weight) and NAC (10 mg/kg body weight) for 7 d.
Lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, lipid hydroperoxides and 8-Iso-PGF2alpha were elevated to a greater extent in the vitamin C and NAC group.
This acute human inflammatory model strongly suggests that vitamin C and NAC supplementation immediately post-injury, transiently increases tissue damage and oxidative stress (A522).

E)Studies showing no effect from vit C + other antioxidants on exercise:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effect of Vitamin C and E supplementation on biochemical and ultrastructural indices of muscle damage after a 21 km run.
Vitamin C and E supplementation (500 or 1000 mg or IU per day) for four weeks does not reduce either biochemical or ultrastructural indices of muscle damage in experienced runners after a half marathon(A520).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effect of vitamin supplementation on cytokine response and on muscle damage after strenuous exercise.
Twenty male recreational runners randomly received either antioxidants (500 mg of vitamin C and 400 mg of vitamin E) or placebo for 14 days before and 7 days after a 5% downhill 90-min treadmill run. The two groups showed identical exercise-induced changes in cytokine, muscle enzyme, and lymphocyte subpopulations. The plasma level of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist increased 20- and 3-fold after exercise. The plasma level of creatine kinase was increased sixfold the day after exercise(A523).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]No effect of antioxidant supplementation in triathletes on maximal oxygen uptake, 31P-NMRS detected muscle energy metabolism and muscle fatigue.
Seven male triathletes received daily oral antioxidant supplementation in capsule form including 100 mg coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 600 mg ascorbic acid and 270 mg alpha-tocopherol or placebo over a 6-week interval.
The results demonstrate no effect of antioxidative vitamin supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake, muscle energy metabolism or muscle fatigue in triathletes (A525).

F)Studies showing a positive effect from vitamine C + other antioxidants on exercise:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Supplementation with vitamins C and E inhibits the release of interleukin-6 from contracting human skeletal muscle
Contracting human skeletal muscle is a major contributor to the exercise-induced increase of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6).
Supplementation of vitamins C (500 mg/d) and E (400 i.u./d) for 28 days to 7 healthy men attenuated the systemic IL-6 response to exercise primarily via inhibition of the IL-6 protein release from the contracting skeletal muscle per se. Plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), C-reactive protein and cortisol levels all increased after the exercise in Control, but not in Treatment (A501).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid on oxidative, hormonal and enzymatic exercise stress markers in habitual training activity of professional basketball players.
600 mg alpha-tocopherol, 1000 mg vit C, and 32 mg beta-carotene for 35 days in 13 professional basketball players decreases plasma lipid peroxides by 27.7%. A significant decrease of lactate dehydrogenase serum activity was observed during the 24 h recuperation time. During this time the anabolic/catabolic balance increased about 29.8% in the antioxidant supplemented group, although this increase did not reach statistical significance (A506).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamins C and E on muscle function during and after eccentric contractions in humans.
500 mg of vitamin C and 1,200 IU of alpha-tocopherol/day for 37 days in 12 volunteers: After 30 days of treatment, volunteers performed 300 maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles of one leg.
Prior supplementation with dietary antioxidants ameliorates muscle functional decrements subsequent to eccentric muscle contraction. Both groups experienced similar significant muscle soreness and swelling after exercise (A515).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of antioxidant therapy in women exposed to eccentric exercise.
18 women randomized to antioxidants or placebo before a bout of eccentric exercise: Antioxidants attenuated the creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness responst to the EE, with little impact on maximal isometric force and range of motion (A516).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Antioxidant supplementation preserves antioxidant response in physical training and low antioxidant intake.
An antioxidant mixture (Se 150 microg, retinyl acetate mg, ascorbic acid 120 mg, alpha-tocopheryl succinate 20 mg) for 7 thriathletes (10 control subjects) in a controlled double blind study alleviated muscle damage during 4 weeks of overloaded training followed by 4 weeks of normal training. The effects of the antioxidant mixture were observed for doses that can be provided by a diversified and well-balanced diet (A518).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative vitamins under extreme endurance stress.
A randomized and placebo-controlled study on 24 trained long-distance runners substituted with alpha-tocopherol (400 I.U. d-1) and vit C (200 mg d-1) during 4.5 weeks prior to a marathon race.
The increase of CK serum concentration is remarkably lower in the supplemented group compared with the placebo group (P < 0.01) (A526).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Protective effect of vitamin E on exercise-induced oxidative damage in young and older adults.
21 men reveived 800 IU dl-alpha-tocopherol or placebo for 48 days before a bout of eccentric exercise in a double blind protocol.
The alterations in fatty acid composition, vitamin E, and lipid conjugated dienes in muscle and in urinary lipid peroxides in controls after eccentric exercise are consistent with the concept that vitamin E provides protection against exercise-induced oxidative injury (A527).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on muscle function after eccentric exercise.
24 physically young subjects ingested either placebo (n=8), Vit E (400 mg; n=8) or vit C (400 mg; n=8) for 21 days prior to and for 7 days after performing 60 min of box-stepping exercise.
Compared to the placebo group no significant changes in MVC were observed immediately post-exercise, though recovery of MVC in the first 24 h post-exercise was greater in the group supplemented with vitamin C. The decrease in 20/50 Hz ratio of tetanic tension was significantly less (P < 0.05) post-exercise and in the initial phase of recovery in subjects supplemented with vitamin C but not with vitamin E. These data suggest that prior vitamin C supplementation may exert a protective effect against eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (A528).

VITAMIN C AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A)Vitamin C only
B)Positive synergistic actions between vit C + other antioxidants

A combination of vitamin C + E seems to:
1)Improve immune function in aged women.
2)Inhibit lipoperoxidation (2 studies).
3)Have some preventive effect on an experimental influenza virus infection in mice.
A combination of vitamin C + phytoestrogens seems to:
Show stronger antioxidant activity on LDL oxidation in vitro (2 studies).
A combination of vitamin C + citrus extract seems to:
Increase the lag time of lipoprotein oxidation in vitro and in vivo.
A combination of vitamin C + 17 beta-estradiol seems to:
Inhibit LDL oxidation.
A combination of vitamin C, E, beta carotene and penicillin seems to:
Decrease immunological abnormalities more effectively.
C)Negative synergistic effects
Adding vitamin E to vitamine C seems to:
Show an adverse effect on respiratory tract infections in elderly.
Vitamin C seems to:
Be able to reduce the action of some medicines.

A)Vitamin C only:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Relation of serum ascorbic acid to Helicobacter pylori serology in US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Among whites, a 0.50 mg/dL increase in serum ascorbic acid level was associated with decreased seroprevalence of H. pylori (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) CI 0.82-0.96, p < 0.01). In analyses that controlled for seroprevalence of H. pylori, a 0.50 mg/dL increase in serum ascorbic acid level among whites was independently associated with a decreased seroprevalence of the pathogenic cagA-positive strain of H. pylori (OR = 0.31, 95% CI 0.12-0.79, p < 0.05).
Higher serum levels of ascorbic acid were associated with a decreased seroprevalence of H. pylori and of the pathogenic cagA-positive strain of H. pylori among whites (A315).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and vitamin C levels in whole blood, plasma, and gastric juice, and the pH of gastric juice in Korean children.
During a 5-year period, multiple gastric antral biopsies were taken from 452 children who underwent gastroduodenoscopy.
Vitamin C levels in whole blood, plasma, and gastric juice exhibited significant negative correlation with the age of patients, the histologic density of H. pylori, the degree of active and chronic gastritis, and the severity of H. pylori infection (A316).

B)Positive synergistic actions between vit C + other antioxidants:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E.
30 women (10 healthy, 10 with major depression disorders, and 10 with coronary heart disease were administered 1 g vit C and 200 mg vit E/day for 16 weeks.
Intake of vitamins resulted in a significant increase in the lymphoproliferative capacity and in the phagocytic functions of PMN neutrophils as well as in a significant decrease of serum levels of lipid peroxides and cortisol, both in the healthy aged women and in the aged women with MDD or CHD. These findings suggest an important role of antioxidant supplementation in the improvement of immune function in aged females as well as in the prevention and treatment of specific diseases associated with age that are quite prevalent in the developed countries (A301).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Inhibitory capacity of human serum on induced microsomal lipoperoxidation.
Ten volunteers were supplemented with 400 mg of vitamin E and 1 g of vitamin C/daily for 2 weeks. Their serum inhibitory capacity increased in 12% (p < 0.05). The serum inhibitory capacity for microsomal lipoperoxidation is described herein, and we propose its utilization as an index to determine the individual nonspecific antioxidative defenses against free radical injury and lipoperoxidation in relation to exposure to air pollutants, tobacco smoke, and several acute and chronic diseases, including the hypoxia-reperfusion phenomena (A309).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Experimental and clinical assessment of antioxidant efficacy of multicomponent antioxidant medication]
The study was made of kinetic parameters of copper-initiated free radical oxidation (FRO) of low density lipoproteins (HDLP) in human blood plasm, antioxidant potential of rat liver and myocardium, the level of FRO products in HDLP and activity of glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes of 31 males aged 40-64 years with coronary heart disease (CHD).
An antioxidant action of the combinations alpha-tocopherol+ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol+beta-carotin was much more potent than that of each of the component alone.
A complex of antioxidant vitamins and selenium given to CHD patients for 2 months, sharply reduced the amount of FRO primary and secondary products in blood plasm LDLP in growing activity of erythrocytic selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase (A310).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effect of vitamin E and vitamin C combination on experimental influenza virus infection.
Male mice (ICR), infected with influenza virus A/2/68/(H3N2) (1.5 of LD(50)), were administered single once-daily doses of vitamin E (60 mg/kg b.w.) and vitamin C (80 mg/kg b.w.) intraperitoneally (3 days before virus inoculation).
The preventive effect of vitamin E was stronger than the effect of vitamin C, but the combination (vitamin E + C) had the strongest effect. The superior protective effect of the combination is probably due to vitamin C's repairing effect on vitamin E's tocopheroxyl radical (A318).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Soy and alfalfa phytoestrogen extracts become potent low-density lipoprotein antioxidants in the presence of acerola cherry extract.
Copper-mediated LDL oxidation was inhibited in the presence of soy and alfalfa extracts, and this effect was further enhanced in the presence of acerola cherry extract, which is rich in ascorbic acid. Male rabbit aortic endothelial cells pretreated with soy extract were resistant to the toxic effects of high levels of LDL and LDL(-), and a lesser, but significant protection, was also afforded by alfalfa extract. Cell-mediated oxidation of LDL, measured by LDL(-) formation, was inhibited in the presence of soy extract but not alfalfa extract. However, in the presence of acerola cherry extract, both soy and alfalfa extracts potently inhibited the formation of LDL(-). These findings show that acerola cherry extract can enhance the antioxidant activity of soy and alfalfa extracts in a variety of LDL oxidation systems. The protective effect of these extracts is attributed to the presence of flavonoids in soy and alfalfa extracts and ascorbic acid in acerola cherry extract, which may act synergistically as antioxidants (A305).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Synergistic inhibition of LDL oxidation by phytoestrogens and ascorbic acid.
Increasing levels of genistein, daidzein, and equol inhibited LDL oxidation, and this inhibitory effect was further enhanced in the presence of ascorbic acid. The synergism exhibited by these compounds is of clinical importance to phytoestrogen therapy since the efficacy of phytoestrogens as effective antioxidants is evident at concentration well within the range found in the plasma of subjects consuming soy products (A307).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]In Vitro and In Vivo Lipoprotein Antioxidant Effect of a Citrus Extract and Ascorbic Acid on Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Human Subjects.
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 26 normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects, the citrus extract and vitamin C, but not vitamin C or vitamin E alone, significantly lowered triglycerides. The combination of citrus extract and vitamin C increased the lag time of lipoprotein oxidation, compared with vitamin C alone or a placebo, and was a significantly better antioxidant than vitamin E. These results and other published studies are highly suggestive of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant synergism between citrus extract and vitamin C (A306).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Ascorbic acid enhances 17 beta-estradiol-mediated inhibition of oxidized low density lipoprotein formation.
The enhanced activity of E(2) in the presence of ascorbate indicates that the antioxidant and antiatherosclerosis activity of E(2) may occur at concentrations within the physiological range (A308).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Immunological response to antioxidant vitamin supplementation in rural Bangladeshi school children with group A streptococcal infection.
Treatment by antioxidant vitamins (beta carotene, alpha tocopherol and ascorbic acid) plus penicillin is more effective in decreasing immunological abnormalities in GABHS infected children then penicillin alone (A314).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Antioxidant activity of dietary fruits, vegetables, and commercial frozen fruit pulps.
Fruits, vegetables, and commercial frozen pulps (FP) consumed in the Brazilian diet were analyzed for antioxidant activities using two different methods, one that determines the inhibition of copper-induced peroxidation of liposome and another based on the inhibition of the co-oxidation of linoleic acid and beta-carotene.
Some samples showed pro-oxidant activity in the liposome system coincident with a low antioxidant activity in the beta-carotene system. There was no relationship between total phenolics content, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity, suggesting that the antioxidant activity is a result of a combination of different compounds having synergic and antagonistic effects (A311).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection via antioxidants: results of a phase I clinical trial]
Fifty chronic HCV patients were treated orally on a daily basis for 20 weeks with seven antioxidative oral preparations (glycyrrhizin, schisandra, silymarin, ascorbic acid, lipoic acid, L-glutathione, and alpha-tocopherol), along with four different intravenous preparations (glycyrrhizin, ascorbic acid, L-glutathione, B-complex) twice weekly for the first 10 weeks, and followed up for an additional 20 weeks.
A combination of antioxidants induced a favorable response in 48% of the patients (24). Normalization of liver enzymes occurred in 44% of patients who had elevated pretreatment ALT levels (15 of 34). ALT levels remained normal throughout follow-up period in 72.7% (8 of 11). A decrease in viral load (one log or more) was observed in 25% of the patients (12). Histologic improvement (2-point reduction in the HAI score) was noted in 36.1% of the patients. The SF-36 score improved in 26 of 45 patients throughout the course of the trial (58% of the patients). Treatment was well tolerated by all patients. No major adverse reactions were noted (A312).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Antioxidant vitamins improves hemoglobin level in children with group a beta hemolytic streptococcal infection.
Hemoglobin level increases after antioxidant vitamin supplementation (8 weeks) in 606 children suffering from group A beta hemolytic streptococcal infection (A317).

C)Negative synergistic effect:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C and E supplements to lansoprazole-amoxicillin-metronidazole triple therapy may reduce the eradication rate of metronidazole-susceptible Helicobacter pylori infection.
Adding vitamin C and E (250 mg + 200 mg, 2x/day) to triple therapy (lansoprazole, amoxicillin, metronidazole) cannot improve the H. pylori eradication rate and gastric inflammation. For patients with metronidazole susceptible strain infection, adding these vitamins may even reduce the eradication rate of triple therapy (A319).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effect of daily vitamin E and multivitamin-mineral supplementation on acute respiratory tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled trial.
Neither daily multivitamin-mineral supplementation at physiological dose nor 200 mg of vitamin E showed a favorable effect on incidence and severity of acute respiratory tract infections in well-nourished noninstitutionalized elderly individuals. Instead we observed adverse effects of vitamin E on illness severity (A320).

VITAMIN C AND THE LIVER
A)Vitamin C only
4 Studies showing a positive effect of vit C during liver stress.
B)Vitamin C + E
3 Studies showing a positive effect from combined vit C + E on liver stress.
B)Vitamin C + other antioxidants
3 Studies showing a positive effect from various antioxidants on the liver.
2 Studies showing no (positive nor negative) effect from mixed antioxidants on the liver.

A)Vitamin C only:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vasoconstrictor hyporeactivity can be reversed by antioxidants in patients with advanced alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver and ascites.
Nine patients with liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh grade C and nine healthy age-matched volunteers.
In patients with cirrhosis, the reactivity to norepinephrine and angiotensin II was markedly reduced (p < .05 vs. controls). Coadministration of vitamin C completely restored the potency of vasoconstrictors to that in controls but had no effect in healthy subjects (A401).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Estimation of the functional reserve of the human liver by urinary D-glucaric acid excretion after vitamin C administration.
The excretion of D-glucaric acid in the urine (uGA) correlates with the total liver content of hepatic cytochrome P-450, the metabolism of which depends on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) being produced by intrahepatic cellular mitochondria. Five cases of compensated liver cirrhosis group with less than 0.4 mg/kg/min of the maximum removal rate of indocyanine green (ICGR max), and 5 cases with normal hepatic function (control group), were monitored for uGA before and after P-450 activation induced by administration of 1 g of vitamin-C. Before vitamin-C administration, no differences in uGA excretion were observed comparing the cirrhosis with the control group. After administration of vitamin-C, the excretion of uGA was significantly lower in the cirrhosis group. The measurement of uGA is considered to represent vitamin-C induced activation by P-450, and is a new method for evaluation of the functional reserve of the liver (A414).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Antioxidant levels in peripheral blood, disease activity and fibrotic stage in chronic hepatitis C.
Glutathione was an independent negative predictor of portal/periportal inflammation (P = 0.02) and fibrosis (P = 0.01). Vitamin C was an independent negative predictor of fibrosis stage (P = 0.02). Antioxidant intake was associated with higher vitamin C (P < 0.0001) and vitamin E (P = 0.005) levels, but not glutathione.
Whole blood glutathione and plasma vitamin C are negatively associated with hepatic portal/periportal inflammation and fibrosis stage in chronic hepatitis C (A402).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Supplementation of antioxidants prevents oxidative stress during a deep saturation dive.
A deep saturation dive (400 msw) decreases cholesterase activity, being highly suggestive of liver dysfunction.
600 mg of vitamin C, 150 mg of alpha-tocopherol, and 600 mg of tea catechins per day appeared to prevent a hepatic disturbance (A403).

B)Vitamin C + E

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
1000 iu vit E + 1000 mg vit C/day for 6 months in 45 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis did not show any significant side effects.
Vitamin treatment resulted in a statistically significant improvement in fibrosis score (p=0.002). No changes were noted in inflammation with treatment (A405).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Antioxidant capacity in Fasciola hepatica patients before and after treatment with triclabendazole alone or in combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and tocofersolan (vitamin E).
Vitamin C (1000 mg/day) and vitamin E (600 mg/day) for 2 months in fasciola hepatica patients significantly improves of SOD and GPX activities and in lipid peroxide levels triclabendazole treatment(A408).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Antioxidants in the treatment of cholelithiasis patients]
Complex administration of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol was shown to improve the liver function in 157 patients operated upon for cholelithiasis (A411).

C)(Vitamin C +) other antioxidants:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Antioxidants in liver protection]
Combined antioxidant treatment is more favourable compared with monotherapy, because antioxidants have scavenger-, compartment- and tissue-specificity and they regenerate each other directly, too. Beside their antioxidant property they may also directly regulate many important processes, e.g. cell cycle. We have some favourable results with regard combined antioxidant therapy of liver disease of different etiology (A404).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Relation of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity with iron and antioxidant levels in the United States.
We analyzed the associations of serum iron measures and antioxidant concentrations with abnormal serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity in a large, national, population-based study (13,605 adult participants). The risk for apparent liver injury was associated with increased iron and decreased antioxidants, particularly carotenoids (A406).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Oral antioxidant supplementation for fatigue associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial.
We have previously reported, in an uncontrolled trial, an improvement in fatigue scores in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis given oral antioxidant supplementation. We now present data from a controlled trial.
Antioxidant supplementation (vitamins A, C and E, selenium, methionine and ubiquinone) for 12 weeks in 61 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis-associated fatigue does not show any significant changes in fatigue. Neither medication was associated with improvement in any other symptoms related to primary biliary cirrhosis. Adverse effects were more common during active therapy and were mild and self-limiting (A407).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][The role of alpha-tocopherol and retinol in correcting disorders of lipid peroxidation in patients with malignant liver neoplasms]
Treatment with alpha-tocoferol (600 mg), retinol (100,000 MU) and ascorbic acid (1.5 g) for 7 days before surgery was found to significantly reduce dialdehyde level in the liver. Also, the catalase level increased. Treatment with alpha-tocoferol and retinol resulted in their selective accumulation in the liver. No changes in lipid peroxidation or accumulation of alpha-tocoferol in tumor were recorded. Purulent and septic complications were 1.6 times less frequent after preoperative antioxidant treatment than in controls. It is recommended that said antioxidant treatment should be used to correct lipid peroxidation and to improve the effectiveness of therapy of liver cancer (A412).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]The effect of antioxidant supplementation on a serum marker of free radical activity and abnormal serum biochemistry in alcoholic patients admitted for detoxification.
Alcoholics admitted for detoxification were entered into a double blind placebo controlled trial of oral supplementation with an antioxidant cocktail (vitamin E, beta carotene, vitamin C and selenium). There was no effect of this supplementation on the rate of resolution of a serum marker of free radical activity and abnormal serum biochemistry (A413).

**big'r** · 09-11-2005, 22:58

VITAMINE C AND THE HEART

Sorry, vitamine C does not seem to have a significant positive effect on CHD, but it may be beneficial for some specific heart problems.

A)Studies showing no benefit (nor adverse effect) from vit C on the heart.
B)Studies showing a positive effect from vit C on the heart.
C)Studies showing no beneficial (nor adverse) effect from vit C + other antioxidants on the heart
D)Studies showing a positive effect from vitamine C + other antioxidants on the heart

A)Studies showing no benefit (nor adverse effect) from vit C on the heart:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C is not associated with coronary heart disease risk once life course socioeconomic position is taken into account: prospective findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study.
4286 british women (60-79 years) were followed up for 4 years:
Full adjustment for life course socioeconomic position, adult risk factors, leg length and forced expiratory volume in one second resulted in a hazard ratio of 0.95 (95% CI 0.85 to 1.05). A stratified analysis found that the hazard ratio among those with 0-4 adverse indicators was 0.89 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.02) and among those with 5-10 adverse indicators it was 0.95 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.09).
When life course socioeconomic position was taken into account, either in multivariable models or by stratified analysis, there was no association between vitamin C and CHD (A203).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Cardiovascular effects of oral Supplementation of vitamin C, E and folic acid in young healthy males.
An antioxidant mix (1000 mg vit C, 800 mg vit E, and 10 mg folate) for healthy men (n=14) or placebo (n=17) shows a significant decrease (p = 0.03) in systolic blood pressure in the experimental group. No statistically significant changes were observed within other cardiovascular variables of the experimental group, but possible beneficial decreases in diastolic blood pressure and increases in arterial compliance after 12 weeks of vitamin supplementation were indicated. In conclusion, beneficial effects of antioxidants and folate were observed probably because the supplementation was used by young healthy subjects under carefully controlled conditions (A209).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Ascorbic acid does not affect large elastic artery compliance or central blood pressure in young and older men.
The adverse changes in large elastic artery compliance and central BP with aging in healthy men are not 1). mediated by ascorbic acid-sensitive oxidative stress (infusion experiments) and 2). affected by short-term, moderate daily ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation (A213).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress in baroreceptor dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure.
Acute intravenous (2g), but not chronic oral, vitamin C (4g/day for 4 weeks) improved BRS in CHF patients. There was no effect of intravenous vitamin C in healthy subjects, suggesting that the mechanism was either by free radical scavenging or due to central effects (A219).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin supplement use in a low-risk population of US male physicians and subsequent cardiovascular mortality.
During a follow-up of 5.5 years in 83 639 male physicians residing in the United States who had no history of CVD or cancer, self-selected supplementation with vitamin E, vitamin C, or multivitamins was not associated with a significant decrease in total CVD or CHD mortality.
For vitamin E use, the relative risks (RRs) were 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.21) for total CVD mortality and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.61-1.27) for CHD mortality; for use of vitamin C, the RRs were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.70-1.12) for total CVD mortality and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.63-1.18) for CHD mortality; and for use of multivitamin supplements, the RRs were 1.07 (95% CI, 0.91-1.25) for total CVD mortality and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.83-1.25) for CHD mortality (A222).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C and the risk of acute myocardial infarction.
A low plasma concentration of vitamin C was not associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The apparent risk of AMI due to a low plasma vitamin C concentration was distorted by the acute phase response (A243).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of a 'healthy' diet and of acute and long-term vitamin C on vascular function in healthy older subjects.
A 'Mediterranean-type' diet rich in vitamin C improves vascular function. Neither acute intra-arterial nor sustained administration of oral vitamin C (1 g/day for 6 weeks) improves vascular function in healthy older subjects (A245).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C intake and cardiovascular disease risk factors in persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. From the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study and the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study.
In separate but parallel statistical analyses, hypotheses were evaluated among persons with NIDDM confirmed by WHO criteria from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS, n = 520) and from the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study (SLVDS, n = 422).
Mean vitamin C intake (mg/day) was 275 for IRAS and 133 for SLVDS, including supplements. In cross-sectional regression models from each data set, vitamin C intake was not associated with systolic or diastolic blood pressure nor with HDL-C, LDL-C, or triglycerides (P values > 0.10).
In prospective analyses including 285 SLVDS participants, baseline vitamin C intake was not related to any of these CVD risk factors measured an average of 4 years later nor to change in CVD risk factor status during the follow-up period (A247).

B)Studies showing a positive effect from vit C on the heart:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Improvement of sympathetic response to exercise by oral administration of ascorbic acid in patients after myocardial infarction.
2 g vit C before exercise improved exercise capacity through enhancement of the heart rate and norepinephrine response to exercise in 21 male patients after myocardial infarction (A202).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Oral vitamin C administration reduces early recurrence rates after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation and attenuates associated inflammation.
Vitamin C reduces the early recurrence rates after cardioversion of persistent arterial fibrillation and attenuates the associated low-level inflammation (A204).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Improvement of peripheral endothelial dysfunction by acute vitamin C application: different effects in patients with coronary artery disease, ischemic, and dilated cardiomyopathy.
Endothelial dysfunction has been described in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or chronic heart failure (CHF). Vitamin C administration leads to an improvement of endothelial function by reducing elevated levels of reactive oxygen species.
Acute vitamin C administration restored peripheral endothelial function in patients with CAD to normal values, whereas endothelial function remained attenuated in CHF, in particular in patients with DCM. These results suggest that in patients with CHF, factors other than oxidative stress (eg, cytokines) contribute to the pathologic endothelial function (A216).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women.
85,118 female nurses were followed up for 16 years for the development of incident CHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD).
We observed a modest significant inverse association between total intake of vitamin C and risk of CHD (relative risk [RR] = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57 to 0.94). Among women who did not use vitamin C supplements or multivitamins, the association between intake of vitamin C from diet alone and incidence of CHD was weak and not significant (RR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.26) (A217).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Influence of vitamin C on baroreflex sensitivity in chronic heart failure.
Chronic heart failure (CHF) reduces baroreflex sensitivity. Low baroreflex sensitivity, a risk factor for sudden death, could arise partly from CHF-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Vitamin C at high doses has a protective role against CHF-related endothelial damage.
Acute administration of vitamin C at high doses improves baroreflex sensitivity and vagal sinus modulation in patients with CHF (A218).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C preserves endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease after a high-fat meal.
The postprandial state after a high-fat meal is critical in atherogenesis, as it induces endothelial dysfunction through an oxidative stress mechanism. Vitamin C treatment has a promising benefit for patients with CHD (A224).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C therapy ameliorates vascular endothelial dysfunction in treated patients with homocystinuria.
Vitamin C ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in patients with homocystinuria, independent of changes in homocysteine concentration and should therefore be considered as an additional adjunct to therapy to reduce the potential long-term risk of atherothrombotic disease (A225).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in congestive heart failure.
To assess EC protection by vitamin C in CHF patients, we prospectively randomized CHF patients in a double-blind trial to vitamin C treatment versus placebo. Vitamin C administration to CHF patients markedly reduced plasma levels of circulating apoptotic microparticles to 32+/-8% of baseline levels, whereas placebo had no effect (87+/-14%, P<0.005). In addition, vitamin C administration suppressed the proapoptotic activity on EC of the serum of CHF patients (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of vitamin C to CHF patients suppresses EC apoptosis in vivo, which might contribute to the established functional benefit of vitamin C supplementation on endothelial function (A228).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
We prospectively examined for 4 years the relation between plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and mortality due to all causes, and to cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, and cancer in 19 496 men and women aged 45-79 years.
Plasma ascorbic acid concentration was inversely related to mortality from all-causes, and from cardiovascular disease, and ischaemic heart disease in men and women. Risk of mortality in the top ascorbic acid quintile was about half the risk in the lowest quintile (p<0.0001). The relation with mortality was continuous through the whole distribution of ascorbic acid concentrations. 20 micromol/L rise in plasma ascorbic acid concentration, equivalent to about 50 g per day increase in fruit and vegetable intake, was associated with about a 20% reduction in risk of all-cause mortality (p<0.0001).
Ascorbic acid was inversely related to cancer mortality in men but not women (A231).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Comparison of antioxidant efficacy of vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A and fruits in coronary heart disease: a controlled trial.
A randomized controlled trial in 175 patients with CHD: Lipid peroxide levels decreased significantly in all the treatment groups (p < 0.01). This decrease was the highest in Group II (vitamin E; -36.4 +/- 17.7%) as compared to Group III (vitamin C -19.8 -/+ 10.8%); Group IV (vitamin A -5.4 +/- 17%) and Group V (fruits -13.1 +/- 12.0%).
All the antioxidant vitamins and fruits significantly decrease lipid peroxide levels and oxidant load in CHD patients. However, fruits are the best choice as they also favourably modify the lipid profile (A232).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Acute methionine loading does not alter arterial stiffness in humans.
8 healthy men were studied on 3 occasions in a double blind, double dummy, randomized order.
These data reinforce evidence that vitamin C (2 g single ingestion) reduces arterial stiffness but do not indicate any important interaction with oral methionine (A234).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Neutrophil superoxide anion--generating capacity, endothelial function and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure: effects of short- and long-term vitamin C therapy.
Oxidative stress is increased in ischemic and nonischemic chronic heart failure, and neutrophils may be an important cause. Vitamin C reduces oxidative stress, increases flow-mediated dilation and, when given long term, decreases neutrophil O2- generation, but the lack of a correlation between changes in endothelial function and oxidative stress with vitamin C implies possible additional non-antioxidant benefits of vitamin C (A236).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. The Shibata study.
Strong inverse associations were observed between serum vitamin C concentration and all stroke (sex- and age-adjusted hazard ratios were 0.93, 0.72, and 0.59, respectively, for the second, third, and fourth quartiles compared with the first quartile; P for trend=0.002) (A238).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Improvement of endothelial function and insulin sensitivity with vitamin C in patients with coronary spastic angina: possible role of reactive oxygen species.
Vitamin C improves both endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in patients with coronary spastic angina (A242).

C)Studies showing no beneficial (nor adverse) effect from vit C + other antioxidants on the heart:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.
20,536 UK adults (aged 40-80) with coronary disease, other occlusive arterial disease, or diabetes were randomly allocated to receive antioxidant vitamin supplementation (600 mg vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin C, and 20 mg beta-carotene daily) or matching placebo for 5 years.
There were no significant differences in all-cause mortality (1446 [14.1%] vitamin-allocated vs 1389 [13.5%] placebo-allocated), or in deaths due to vascular (878 [8.6%] vs 840 [8.2%]) or non-vascular (568 [5.5%] vs 549 [5.3%]) causes. Nor were there any significant differences in the numbers of participants having non-fatal myocardial infarction or coronary death (1063 [10.4%] vs 1047 [10.2%]), non-fatal or fatal stroke (511 [5.0%] vs 518 [5.0%]), or coronary or non-coronary revascularisation (1058 [10.3%] vs 1086 [10.6%]). For the first occurrence of any of these "major vascular events", there were no material differences either overall (2306 [22.5%] vs 2312 [22.5%]; event rate ratio 1.00 [95% CI 0.94-1.06]) or in any of the various subcategories considered. There were no significant effects on cancer incidence or on hospitalisation for any other non-vascular cause (A223).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results.
The Heart Protection Study (HPS), with over 20,500 subjects, is the largest trial of statin therapy ever conducted.
It is a prospective double blind randomised controlled trial with a 2 x 2 factorial design investigating prolonged use (>5 years) of simvastatin 40 mg and a cocktail of antioxidant vitamins (650 mg vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin C and 20 mg beta-carotene). The HPS specifically included patients with high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD).
Simvastatin 40 mg treatment showed benefit across all patient groups regardless of age, gender or baseline cholesterol value and proved safe and well tolerated.
Preliminary results of the HPS are negative for the antioxidant vitamin cocktail but provide reassurance that vitamins do no harm (A227).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Effects of long-term daily low-dose supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals on structure and function of large arteries.
Antioxidants (120 mg vitamin C, 30 mg vitamin E, 6 mg beta carotene, 100 microg selenium, and 20 mg zinc) or placebo and followed-up over an average of 7.2+/-0.3 years for 1162 subjects suggest no beneficial effects on carotid atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness (A244).

D)Studies showing a positive effect from vitamine C + other antioxidants on the heart:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Combined vitamin C and E supplementation retards early progression of arteriosclerosis in heart transplant patients.
Supplementation with vitamins C and E retarded the progression of coronary arteriosclerosis during the early stage following cardiac transplantation (A221).

OTHER INTERESTING STUDIES

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress.
Response to acute psychological stress in 60 healthy subjects supplemented 1000 mg sustained release vit C 3 x/day for 14 days: The ascorbic acid group had less systolic blood pressure (an increase of 23 versus 31 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure, and subjective stress responses to the TSST; and also had faster salivary cortisol recovery (but not smaller overall cortisol response). Cortisol response to 1 microg ACTH, and reported side-effects during the trial did not differ between groups (A503).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Role of vitamin C on adrenocortical effects of etomidate]
A 1 g vit C infusion at induction of anaesthesia decreases cortisol levels (47.6 +/- 9% in vs 76.5 +/- 33%, p less than 0.05) (A510).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Strategies for Healthy Weight Loss: From Vitamin C to the Glycemic Response
Vitamin C status is inversely related to body mass. Individuals with adequate vitamin C status oxidize 30% more fat during a moderate exercise bout than individuals with low vitamin C status; thus, vitamin C depleted individuals may be more resistant to fat mass loss (A530).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]A double blind placebo controlled trial of ascorbic acid in obesity.
A double blind placebo controlled trial of ascorbic acid was carried out in 41 severely obese subjects. 38 patients completed the 6 week trial. 19 received 3g of ascorbic acid per day, 19 received placebo. The weight loss during the trial was small in both groups but was significantly greater in the ascorbic acid treated group (A531).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Effect of oral administration of ascorbic acid on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in obese individuals]
1 g vit C or placebo for 4 weeks in 16 obese males in a randomized double-blind clinical trial id not modify the lipid profile nor insulin sensitivity (A532).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Insulin sensitivity and intake of vitamins E and C in African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white men and women: the Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS).
These cross-sectional analyses (1151 women) do not support the hypothesis of improved SI with increased intake of vitamins E and C (A533).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]N-nitrosodimethylamine blood levels in patients with chronic renal failure: modulation of levels by ethanol and ascorbic acid.
We measured levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in peripheral blood from 13 fasting male patients, 30-74 years old, who had chronic renal failure, and in five healthy control subjects (four males and one female) 31-50 years old. In the patients, we found significant (P less than .01) levels of NDMA (mean +/- SD; 201 +/- 111 ng/kg of blood), which is known to be carcinogenic in animals.
In five of six patients, pretreatment with oral ascorbic acid resulted in a blunting, but not statistically significant, effect on maximum blood NDMA levels after consumption of ethanol. Mean levels were 340 +/- 100 ng/kg before treatment with ascorbic acid and 237 +/- 127 ng/kg during treatment (A534).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on cortisol secretion following adrenal stimulation in children.
On the 5th day of AA administration (1 g/day) the mean cortisol values after ACTH were significantly lower than the corresponding values in group A (p less than 0.02), or the post-ACTH values in group B observed on the 1st experimental day, i.e., before AA administration (p less than 0.001). On the other hand, AA administration had no significant effect on the fasting plasma cortisol values. These data suggest that AA excess following adrenal stimulation with ACTH exerts an inhibitory effect on cortisol secretion and consequently it may be of no benefit in conditions of stress (A535).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C supplementation and respiratory infections: a systematic review.
For this systematic review, we identified seven trials with military personnel, three trials with students in crowded lodgings, and two trials with marathon runners. Eight of these trials were double blind and placebo controlled and seven were randomized. Five small trials found a statistically significant 45 to 91% reduction in common cold incidence in the vitamin C group. These trials were short and the participants were under heavy exertion during the trial. Furthermore, three other trials found a statistically significant 80 to 100% reduction in the incidence of pneumonia in the vitamin C group (A536).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold.
This updated review added to earlier searches, a full search of the following electronic databases: the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2004); MEDLINE (January 1966 to June 2004); and EMBASE (1990 to June 2004).
The failure of vitamin C supplementation to reduce the incidence of colds in the normal population indicates that routine mega-dose prophylaxis is not rationally justified for community use. But evidence shows that it could be justified in persons exposed to brief periods of severe physical exercise and/or cold environments. Also, the consistent and statistically significant small benefits on duration and severity for those using regular vitamin C prophylaxis indicates that vitamin C plays some role in respiratory defence mechanisms. The trials in which vitamin C was introduced at the onset of colds as therapy did not show any benefit in doses up to 4 grams daily, but one large trial reported equivocal benefit from an 8 gram therapeutic dose at onset of symptoms (A537).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C in patients with chronic bronchitis]
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (600 mg), Vitamin C (500 mg) and the NAC/ Vitamin C-combination (in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled trial) did neither enhance antioxidant protection in the blood nor is it of any clinical benefit in chronic bronchitis. Possible reasons may be a lack of antioxidant deficiency in these patients and negative feedback mechanisms of the glutathione-system (A538).

SIDE EFFECTS

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C and Vitamin E for Alzheimer's Disease (December).
Mega-trial results suggest that vitamin E doses >/=400 IU daily for 6.9 years in patients with preexisting vascular disease or diabetes mellitus increase the incidence of heart failure, with no other outcome benefits noted (A801).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Possible contraindications and adverse reactions associated with the use of ocular nutritional supplements.
Vitamin A should be avoided in women who may become pregnant, in those with liver disease, and in people who drink heavily. Relationships have been found between vitamin A and reduced bone mineral density, and beta-carotene and increased risk of lung cancer in smoking males. Vitamin E and Ginkgo biloba have anticoagulant and anti-platelet effects respectively, and high doses are contraindicated in those being treated for vascular disorders (A802).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamin C in health and disease.
High intakes of the vitamin are generally well tolerated, however, a Tolerable Upper Level (TUL) was recently set at 2 g based on gastrointestinal upset that sometimes accompanies excessive dosages (A803).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes.
Numerous studies of vitamin C supplementation have provided no pattern of evidence to support concerns about safety other than occasional gastrointestinal upset or mild diarrhea resulting from the osmotic effects of unabsorbed quantities of vitamin C. Evidence of bleeding effects and other potential adverse effects of high vitamin E intakes in humans is not convincing. Evidence of adverse effects of vitamin C that result from its effects on iron absorption and metabolism has not been confirmed in clinical trials. Thus, we conclude from clinical trial evidence that vitamin E supplements appear safe for most adults in amounts </=1600 IU (1073 mg RRR-alpha-tocopherol or the molar equivalent of its esters) and that vitamin C supplements of </=2000 mg/d are safe for most adults (A804).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Safety of antioxidant vitamins.
Approximately 10 to 15 cases of vitamin A toxic reactions are reported per year in the United States, usually at doses greater than 100,000 IU/d. No adverse effects have been reported for beta-carotene. The frequency of vitamin E toxic reactions is not well delineated, but case reports are few at dosages less than 3200 mg/d. Ascorbic acid toxic reactions are rare at dosages less than 4 g/d. Despite a lack of clinical trial data, it seems that antioxidant vitamins are safe, although prudence might dictate their avoidance by women of childbearing potential, persons with liver disease or renal dysfunction (A805).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Antioxidant intake in pregnancy in relation to wheeze and eczema in the first two years of life.
In the children's second year, maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy was negatively associated with wheeze in the absence of a "cold" (p for trend 0.010) and, in children whose mothers were atopic, there was a negative association between maternal vitamin E intake and childhood eczema (p for trend 0.024). Maternal vitamin C intake during pregnancy was positively associated with "ever wheeze" and eczema during the children's second year (A807).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Vitamin C and stone risk. Review of the literature]
Vitamin C has been incriminated as a possible risk factor for calcium oxalate stones due to its enzymatic conversion into oxalate. However, this lithogenic role has never been clearly established. Studies evaluating the effect of ascorbic acid on lithogenesis have reported contradictory results. Ascorbic acid has also been extensively used as an urine acidifier for the treatment of chronic or recurrent urinary tract infection. Once again, the data of the literature are contradictory (A808).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]New evidence for antioxidant properties of vitamin C.
This study was designed to examine the effect of 500 to 5,000 mg of ascorbic acid on DNA adducts, natural killer (NK) cell activity, programmed cell death, and cell cycle analysis of human peripheral blood leukocytes. According to our hypothesis, if ascorbic acid is a pro-oxidant, doses between 500 and 5,000 mg should enhance DNA adduct formation, decrease immune function, change the cell cycle progression, and increase the rate of apoptosis.
500, 1000 or 5000 mg vit C for 2 weeks in 15 healthy volunteers resulted in no statistically meaningful changes in the level of 8-hydroxyguanosine, increased NK cytotoxic activity, a reduced percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis, and switched cell cycle phases from S and G2/M to G0/G1.
Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant and that doses up to 5,000 mg neither induce mutagenic lesions nor have negative effects on NK cell activity, apoptosis, or cell cycle (A809).

REFERENCES:
A202)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez....ry_hl=1
A203)<a href="http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:PCdb6krPB7oJ

**big'r** · 17-11-2005, 05:15

Ga hem niet in het nederlands vertalen. Verzamelen van de info kostte me genoeg tijd.
Ik moet zeggen dat ik er minder van had verwacht. Het spul valt me alleszins mee.

Milk thistle = Silymarin = Silybin

CONTENT
Milk thistle for liver protection
Milk thistle is very effective in treating amatoxin poisoning. It seems to decrease liver-related mortality in alcoholic and hepatitis B or C liver diseases.
Silybin+vitamin E+ phospholipids produces some therapeutic effects in patients with different forms of chronic liver damage.
Milk thistle does not affect viral load or improve liver histology in hepatitis B or C.
Milk thistle + the prostate
No "in vivo" human studies on the effect of milk thistle have been done/finished yet.
All reviews (4), in vitro studies (11), and rat/mouse studies (4) show a positive effect of milk thistle in preventing/treating prostate cancer.
Other studies
Silybin-beta-cyclodextrin causes a significant decrease in both glucose and triglyceride plasma levels.
"Normal" silybin shows no effect on fasting blood glucose.
Bioavailability + dosages
Liverman capsules are more effective than leganon and silymarin tablets.
Silipide reaches much higher bile and plasma silybin concentrations than silymarin.
Complexation with phosphatidylcholine in IdB 1016 greatly increases the oral bioavailability of silybin.
420 mg has therapeutic potential in alcoholic cirrhosis. 20-48 mg/kg/day is a promising antidote for acute mushroom poisoning.
Side effects
Only rare case reports of gastrointestinal disturbances and allergic skin rashes have been published.

MILK THISTLE FOR LIVER PROTECTION:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20-year retrospective analysis.
Amatoxin poisoning is ascribed to 35 amatoxin-containing species belonging to three genera: Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota.
Clinical data from 2108 hospitalized amatoxin poisoning exposures as reported in the medical literature from North America and Europe over the last 20 years were compiled.
Chi-square statistical comparison of survivors and dead vs. treated individuals supported silybin, administered either as mono-chemotherapy or in drug combination and N-acetylcysteine as mono-chemotherapy as the most effective therapeutic modes (M405).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Milk Thistle for Alcoholic and/or Hepatitis B or C Liver Diseases-A Systematic Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Review with Meta-Analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials.
METHODS: Randomized clinical trials studying patients with alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C liver diseases were included (December 2003). The randomized clinical trials were evaluated by components of methodological quality. RESULTS: Thirteen randomized clinical trials assessed MT in 915 patients with alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C liver diseases.
MT versus placebo or no intervention for a median duration of 6 months had no significant effects on all-cause mortality (relative risk (RR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53-1.15), complications of liver disease, or liver histology. Liver-related mortality was significantly reduced by MT in all trials (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.29-0.88), but not in high-quality trials (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.28-1.19). MT was not associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse events (M407).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Silymarin treatment of viral hepatitis: a systematic review.
An exhaustive search strategy identified 148 papers that studied silymarin compounds in liver disease. Of these, four trials included patients with hepatitis C, one included hepatitis B patients, and two, unspecified chronic viral hepatitis. However, only one trial exclusively studied patients with hepatitis C, and none involved patients with only hepatitis B. Silymarin treatment resulted in a decrease in serum transaminases compared with baseline in four studies, and compared with placebo in only one study. There is no evidence that silymarin affects viral load or improves liver histology in hepatitis B or C (M409).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Milk thistle for the treatment of liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
We searched English and non-English reports through July 1999 using thirteen databases and reference lists, and contacting manufacturers and technical experts. Reviewers independently screened all reports to identify randomized placebo-controlled trials that evaluated milk thistle for the treatment of liver disease.
Fourteen trials met inclusion criteria. Four trials reported outcomes for mortality among 433 participants. The overall summary odds ratio for mortality in the milk thistle group compared with placebo was 0.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5 to 1.5; P = 0.6).
Treatment with milk thistle appears to be safe and well tolerated. We found no reduction in mortality, in improvements in histology at liver biopsy, or in biochemical markers of liver function among patients with chronic liver disease (M415).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Effects of a new pharmacological complex (silybin + vitamin-E + phospholipids) on some markers of the metabolic syndrome and of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatic steatosis. Preliminary study]
Eighty five patients were consecutively enrolled in the study and divided in 2 groups; the first group was represented by 59 patients affected by non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), negative for other known causes of chronic liver damage (M/F= 39/20; median age and range: 44 years, 22-76, group A); the second group was represented by 26 patients (M/F=19/7; median age and range 51 years, 20-75, group B) with HCV-related chronic hepatitis associated to NAFLD.
This open preliminary study shows that the new compound silybin+vitamin E+ phospholipids is active, in vivo, and produces some therapeutic effects in patients with different forms of chronic liver damage. In particular, it improves insulin resistance and plasma levels of markers of liver fibrosis in patients in whom these parameters are particularly altered (M416).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Medicinal herbs for hepatitis C virus infection: a Cochrane hepatobiliary systematic review of randomized trials.
The databases of the Cochrane Collaboration, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and BIOSIS were searched combined with manual searches of five Chinese and one Japanese journals. We included randomized trials comparing medicinal herbs with placebo, no intervention, nonspecific treatment, other herbs, or interferon and/or ribavirin. Trials of herbs with or without other drug(s) were included.
Thirteen randomized trials (n = 818) evaluated 14 medicinal herbs. Four trials had adequate methodology. Compared with placebo, none of the herbs showed effects on HCV RNA or liver enzyme, except for silybin, which showed a significant reduction of serum AST and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase levels in one trial (M417).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Silymarin: a review of its clinical properties in the management of hepatic disorders.Studies in patients with liver disease have shown that silymarin increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of lymphocytes and erythrocytes, as well as the expression of SOD in lymphocytes. Silymarin has also been shown to increase patient serum levels of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase. Silybin 20 to 48 mg/kg/day has shown promise as a clinical antidote to acute Amanita (deathcap mushroom) poisoning. Primary efficacy data from 3 trials which examined the therapeutic potential of silymarin in patients with cirrhosis, and included patient survival as an end-point, demonstrated that silymarin had no significant beneficial effect on patient mortality. However, upon subanalysis, silymarin 420 mg/day had a significantly beneficial effect on patient survival rate (compared with patients receiving placebo) in 1 randomised, double-blind trial in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Silymarin 420 mg/day was also shown to improve indices of liver function [AST, ALT, gamma-glutamyl transferase and bilirubin] in patients with liver disease of various aetiology, including those exposed to toxic levels of toluene or xylene; however, it was largely ineffective in patients with viral hepatitis. Reports of adverse events while receiving silymarin therapy are rare. However, there have been accounts of nausea, epigastric discomfort, arthralgia, pruritus, headache and urticaria. Silymarin has also been reported to have possibly caused a mild laxative effect (M419).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Medicinal herbs for hepatitis C virus infection.
Searches were applied to The Controlled Trial Registers of The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, The Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field, and The Cochrane Library as well as MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Chinese and Japanese databases. Five Chinese journals and one Japanese journal were handsearched. No language restriction was used. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised clinical trials comparing medicinal herbs (single herb or compound of herbs) versus placebo, no intervention, general non-specific treatment, other herbal medicine, or interferon and/or ribavirin treatment. Trials of medicinal herbs plus interferon and/or ribavirin versus interferon and/or ribavirin alone were also included. Trials could be double-blind, single-blind, or unblinded.
Ten randomised trials, including 517 patients with mainly chronic hepatitis C, evaluated ten different medicinal herbs versus various control interventions (four placebo, four interferon, two other herbs).
Compared with placebo in four trials, none of the medicinal herbs showed positive effects on clearance of serum HCV RNA or anti-HCV antibody or on serum liver enzymes, except one short-term trial in which a silybin preparation showed a significant effect on reducing serum aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities (M420).

1 Interesting non-human study:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Hepatoprotective effects of silymarin in androgenic-anabolic steroid-induced liver damage]
40 Male Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups of 10 rats each. Animals in the first experimental group (M), were subjected to progressive systematic forced swimming test, 5 days a week, during 8 weeks. Animals in this group were treated with AAS methandienone, 2 mg/kg BW/day, per os, before swimming, 5 d/w for 8 weeks. After swimming, animals were given three times more food than the laboratory animals of the same age and kind. Animals in the second group (M+S), were subjected to progressive forced swimming test, 5 d/w 8 weeks. Animals in this group were treated with methandienone equally as the experimental group M and received the same amount of food. Apart from that, they received silymarin 20 mg/kg BW/day. Animals in the third group (K), represented the control group, which was neither subjected to swimming test, nor treated with methandienone or silymarin. Animals in this group received the same amount of food as animals in groups M and M+S. Animals in the fourth group ©, also represented a control.
In cell nuclei of animals in the experimental group M, in the absence of silymarin effect, methandienone causes damages which induce regenerative processes and in this way increase high intensity activity. Silymarin significantly increases the glycogen density in hepatocytes. Increased activities of GDH are attributed to cell vitality. CONCLUSION: The present results show hepatoprotective effects of silymarin in androgenic-anabolic steroid induced liver damage (M403).

MILK THISTLE + THE PROSTATE:

11-2005 (pubmed search: milk thistle AND prostate --> 15 hits)
11-2005 (pubmed search: silybin AND prostate NOT milk NOT thistle --> 4 hits)

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]A cancer chemopreventive agent silibinin, targets mitogenic and survival signaling in prostate cancer.
We have observed that silibinin inhibits prostate tumor growth in animal models without any apparent signs of toxicity. At the same time, silibinin is also physiologically available in different organs of the body including plasma and prostate, which is generally required for the pharmacological dosing and translational mechanistic studies of the compound (M701).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Inhibition of telomerase activity and secretion of prostate specific antigen by silibinin in prostate cancer cells.
The down-regulation of PSA by silibinin and its counteraction on DHT effects indicate that this compound can interact with the expression of genes that are regulated through the androgen receptor (M702).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Cell signaling and regulators of cell cycle as molecular targets for prostate cancer prevention by dietary agents.
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most common invasive malignancy and leading cause (after lung) of cancer deaths in males. Since PCA is initially androgen-dependent, strategies are targeted toward androgen depletion for its control. However, tumor re-growth mostly occurs following this modality, and is androgen-independent.
We focused our attention on silymarin, genistein, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), present in milk thistle, soy beans, and green tea, respectively.
Cell signaling and regulators of cell cycle are potential epigenetic molecular targets for prostate cancer prevention by dietary agents (M703).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Tissue distribution of silibinin, the major active constituent of silymarin, in mice and its association with enhancement of phase II enzymes: implications in cancer chemoprevention.SENCAR mice were starved for 24 h, orally fed with silibinin (50 mg/kg dose) and killed after 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h.
Taken together, the results of the present study clearly demonstrate the bioavailability of and phase II enzyme induction by systemically administered silibinin in different tissues, including skin, where silymarin has been shown to be a strong cancer chemopreventive agent (M704).

OTHER STUDIES:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Silybin-beta-cyclodextrin in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus and alcoholic liver disease. Efficacy study of a new preparation of an anti-oxidant agent.
Sixty outpatients were enrolled in a three-centre, double blind, randomised, silybin-beta-cyclodextrin (IBI/S) vs placebo study. Forty-two (21 in the group IBI/S - 135 mg/d silybin per os - and 21 in the placebo group) concluded the 6-month treatment period.
Fasting blood glucose levels, which were similar at baseline in IBI/S group and in the placebo group (173.9 mg/dl and 177.1 mg/dl, respectively), decreased to 148.4 mg/dl (-14.7% vs baseline; p = 0.03) in the IBI/S group while they were virtually unchanged in the placebo group. The comparison between the groups at mo 6 (T6) also showed a significant reduction of glucose levels in the IBI/S group (p = 0.03). The same trend was observed in mean daily blood glucose levels, HbA1c and HOMA-IR, although differences were not significant. Basal and stimulated C-peptide values showed that only a few changes had occured in both groups. Such results indicate that insulin secretion was virtually unaffected, as confirmed also by the insulinemia data. Plasma triglycerides concentrations dropped from a baseline value of 186 mg/dl to 111 mg/dl (T6) in the IBI/S group, with significant differences at all instances with respect to baseline values. By contrast, triglycerides increased from 159 mg/dl at entry to 185 mg/dl (T6) in the placebo group. The difference between the groups at T6 was highly significant (p < 0.01). Total and HDL cholesterol as well as liver function tests did not change significantly during the study in both groups. MDA decreased significantly only in the group receiving IBI/S. No clinically relevant side effects were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration silybin-beta-cyclodextrin in patients with T2DM and compensated chronic alcoholic liver disease causes a significant decrease in both glucose and triglyceride plasma levels. These effects may be due to the recovery of energy substrates, consistent with a reduced lipid peroxidation and an improved insulin activity (M418).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ][Effects of silybin on red blood cell sorbitol and nerve conduction velocity in diabetic patients]
The effects of silybin on red blood cell (RBC) sorbitol and nerve conduction velocity in 14 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients (female 9, male 5; average age 58.2 years) were reported.
Silybin treatment had no effect on fasting blood glucose. In addition, silybin treatment slightly improved nerve conduction velocity, but statistically not significant. This report suggests that silybin may be a potent aldose reductase inhibitor, and valuable in the prophylaxis and treatment of diabetic complications (M421).

BIOAVAILABILITY + DOSAGES:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Comparative bioavailability of silibinin in healthy male volunteers.
Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the silibinin dose of 120 mg in a 3 x 3 crossover study.
After an oral administration of Liverman capsule, the pharmacokinetic parameters of silibinin, such as AUC(0-12h) (5.59, 4.24 and 13.9 microg/ml x h for Legalon capsule, Silymarin tablet and Liverman capsule, respectively) and AUCinf (6.00, 4.63 and 15.1 microg/ml x h) were significantly greater, Cmax (1.33, 1.13 and 6.04 microg/ml) was significantly higher and tmax (1.83, 2.10 and 0.875 h) was significantly faster than those after Legalon capsule and Silymarin tablet. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the absorption and the extent of relative oral bioavailability of silibinin after Liverman capsule were significantly faster and greater, respectively, than those after Legalon capsule and Silymarin tablet (M807).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Silymarin: a review of its clinical properties in the management of hepatic disorders.
Although silymarin has low oral absorption, oral dosages of 420 mg/day have shown some therapeutic potential, with good tolerability, in the treatment of alcoholic cirrhosis. Moreover, silybin 20 to 48 mg/kg/day has shown promise as an antidote for acute mushroom poisoning by Amanita phalloides; however, further studies paying attention to the amount of ingested mushroom and time elapsed before administration of treatment are needed to clarify its role in this indication. Studies in patients with the early onset of liver disease may demonstrate the liver regeneration properties that silymarin is promoted as possessing (M419).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Softgel capsule technology as an enhancer device for the absorption of natural principles in humans. A bioavailability cross-over randomised study on silybin.
An open, single dose, two-way, balanced cross-over study, was performed. The study was conducted on 12 healthy subjects (6 M and 6 F). 80 mg of silybin in a 1:2 complex with phosphatidylcholine was administered.
The mean values of both Cmax and AUC0-1 were increased when the patented soft gelatine capsule formulations were administered (i.e. Cmax more than 3-fold and AUC0-1 more than 2-fold) (M808).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Plasma concentrations of free and conjugated silybin after oral intake of a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (silipide) in healthy volunteers.
The plasma concentrations of free (unconjugated) and conjugated silybin after intake of a single oral dose of a lipophilic silybin-phospatidylcholine complex (silipide, 80 mg expressed as silybin equivalents) were evaluated in 12 healthy volunteers.
Free silybin concentrations reached a peak of 141 +/- 31 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) at 2.4 hours after dosing and declined thereafter with a half-life of about 2 hours. Peak concentrations of conjugated silybin were greater (255 +/- 35 ng/ml) and occurred at a later time (about 3.8 hours). The elimination of conjugated drug tended to be slower than that of free drug. AUC values for conjugated sylibin were about three-fold greater than those of free drug. It is concluded that after oral intake of silipide, silybin undergoes extensive conversion to conjugated derivative(s) which are retained in the circulation at relatively large concentrations (M809).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Pharmacokinetics of silybin in bile following administration of silipide and silymarin in cholecystectomy patients.
The biliary excretion of silybin, the main active component of silymarin, was evaluated by using a specific HPLC method in 9 cholecystectomy patients with T-tube drainage following single oral doses of silipide (CAS 134499-06-2), a lipophilic silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (IdB 1016), and of silymarin (120 mg, expressed as silybin equivalents). After intake of silipide, the concentration of silybin in bile reached a peak within 4 h and declined thereafter with a mean time of about 10 h. After administration of silymarin, biliary silybin concentrations were several-fold lower than those observed after intake of silipide.
The amount of silybin recovered in bile in free and conjugated form within 48 h accounted for 11% of the dose after silipide and for 3% of the dose after silymarin. Plasma silybin concentrations, determined in 3 subjects, were several-fold lower than those in bile after intake of silipide and mostly undetectable after intake of silymarin. These data indicate that the bioavailability of silybin is much greater after administration of silipide than after administration of silymarin (M810).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Pharmacokinetic studies on IdB 1016, a silybin- phosphatidylcholine complex, in healthy human subjects.
IdB 1016 is a complex of silybin (the main active component of silymarin) and phosphatidylcholine, which in animal models shows greater oral bioavailability.
Plasma silybin levels were determined after administration of single oral doses of IdB 1016 and silymarin (equivalent to 360 mg silybin) to 9 healthy volunteers. Although absorption was rapid with both preparations, the bioavailability of IdB 1016 was much greater than that of silymarin, as indicated by higher plasma silybin levels at all sampling times after intake of the complex. Regardless of the preparation used, the terminal half-life was relatively short (generally less than 4 h). In a subsequent study, 9 healthy volunteers received IdB 1016 (120 mg b.i.d., expressed as silybin equivalents) for 8 consecutive days. The plasma silybin level profiles and kinetic parameters on day 1 were similar to those determined on day 8.
Complexation with phosphatidylcholine in IdB 1016 greatly increases the oral bioavailability of silybin, probably by facilitating its passage across the gastrointestinal mucosa (M811).

SIDE EFFECTS:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Milk thistle.
Clinical studies are largely heterogeneous and contradictory. Aside from mild gastrointestinal distress and allergic reactions, side effects are rare, and serious toxicity rarely has been reported. In an oral form standardized to contain 70 to 80 percent silymarin, milk thistle appears to be safe for up to 41 months of use. Significant drug reactions have not been reported (M801).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases.
SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and full text searches were combined (December 2003). Manufacturers and researchers in the field were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only randomised clinical trials in patients with alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases (acute and chronic) were included. Interventions encompassed milk thistle at any dose or duration versus placebo or no intervention. The trials could be double blind, single blind, or unblinded. The trials could be unpublished or published and no language limitations were applied.
Milk thistle was not associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse events (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.50) (M802).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Silybin inactivates cytochromes P450 3A4 and 2C9 and inhibits major hepatic glucuronosyltransferases.
careful administration of silybin with drugs primarily cleared by P450s 3A4 or 2C9 is advised, since drug-drug interactions cannot be excluded (M803).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]The use of alternative medicine in the treatment of hepatitis C.
Silymarin has a good safety record and only rare case reports of gastrointestinal disturbances and allergic skin rashes have been published (M805).

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Preventive strategies in chronic liver disease: part I. Alcohol, vaccines, toxic medications and supplements, diet and exercise.
Many herbal remedies are potentially hepatotoxic, and only milk thistle can be used safely in patients who have chronic liver disease. Weight reduction and exercise can improve liver function in patients with fatty liver (M806).

And 1 possibly interesting mouse study:

Originally posted by [b

Citaat[/b] ]Physiological responses of a natural antioxidant flavonoid mixture, silymarin, in BALB/c mice: III. Silymarin inhibits T-lymphocyte function at low doses but stimulates inflammatory processes at high doses.
Male BABL/c mice (6/group) were treated intraperitoneally once daily for five days with 0, 10, 50 or 250 mg/kg of silymarin. Silymarin exposure did not produce any signs of overt toxicity or any changes in relative organ weights.
The results indicate that in vivo parenteral exposure to silymarin results in suppression of T-lymphocyte function at low doses and stimulation of inflammatory processes at higher doses (M804).

**big'r** · 18-11-2005, 07:40

Denk dat ik over mariadistel een behoorlijk realistisch beeld heb gegeven.
3/4 van de studies gehad. Alleen het oudste 1/4 niet gehad.

Het lijkt erg goed spul om te gebruiken na een kuur. Waarschijnlijk met een paar gram vit C en grote hoeveelheden tomatenpuree. En misschien in combinatie met nog wat andere voedingsstoffen.

Maar daar open ik nog een draadje over zodra ik genoeg info heb.

Eten en supplementen tijdens en na de kuur

Om je prostaat en lever te beschermen.

**trayn** · 14-02-2012, 12:30

Afbraak
Doordat het lichaam vaak diep moet gaan bij lange afstanden, gaat het lichaam ook gebruik maken van aminozuren als energievoorziening. Zeker het aminozuur glutamine is interessant voor het lichaam, omdat dit aminozuur een suikerelement in zich heeft. De hersenen geven dan ook op een gegeven moment het signaal om glutamine uit het lichaam om te gaan zetten naar suiker om te overleven. Hoewel glutamine het meest voorkomende aminozuur in het lichaam is, geeft dit op de lange termijn wel problemen als een overtrainingsverschijnsel. Veel topsporters hebben last van hun darmen, wat vaak door dit 'glutamine verschijnsel' komt. Glutamine bekleedt namelijk de darmwand en zorgt ervoor dat de vertering optimaal kan verlopen. Als er te weinig glutamine aanwezig is, wordt de doorlaatbaarheid van de darm aangetast, waardoor atleten last krijgen van hun spijsvertering. Doordat de darmwand hierdoor aangetast wordt, heeft ook het candida schimmel meer kans het lichaam binnen te dringen met alle gevolgen van dien. Serieuze duursporters moeten dan ook altijd glutamine gebruiken om hun darmwerking op peil te houden en voldoende energie te hebben voor de lange afstanden.

Wielrennen > Welke sportvoeding kan ik gebruiken om beter te presteren met wielrennen? > Fitnessnet

dus wel bij duursporten dan???

**SJ1602** · 28-10-2012, 23:04

ik neem een halfuur voor training een whey shake, dan vlak voor training creatine met vruchtensap, tijdens training esseniële aminozuren + dextrose (de aminozuren smaken anders niet) en na training weer creatine, en halfuur later een shake.

Mijn vraag is of ik een goeie combinatie heb of dat ik eventueel wel wat kan laten vallen omdat het overbodig is? Ik ben hier vorige week mee begonnen.

Diverse studies door big`r

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